NEW YORK — Shoppers remained tight-fisted in July, raising concern about the back-to-school and holiday shopping seasons as well as for the broader economic recovery.

The big worry is frugal parents will focus on outfitting their children this fall with just necessities like notebooks and jeans. And fear is bubbling up frugal parents might consider any extra splurges early Christmas gifts.

The persistent pullback despite signs of a stabilizing economy could stall the overall recovery as consumers account for 70 percent of all economic activity.

"The consumer is stressed and depressed," said Ken Perkins, president of retail consulting firm Retail Metrics. "Back-to-school shopping season is going to be very late."

Worries about job security, retirement accounts and home values have made consumers focus on necessities like food and other basics. But stores also are grappling with a newly adopted frugality as consumers — even those who have jobs and feel secure about their assets — learn how to save and stick to a budget. That fixation on frugality is likely to linger even after economic worries dissipate.

Michael Dart, a retail strategist and leader of private equity practice for consulting firm Kurt Salmon Associates, believes based on what he's been hearing from consumers, some of those purchases might even double up as Christmas gifts as shoppers remain tight-fisted.

The bargain-hunting played out again in the retailers' reports, with mall-based apparel stores faring the worst. Among the disappointments were Macy's and teen retailers Abercrombie & Fitch and Wet Seal.

The few bright spots were apparel discounters like Ross Stores, and TJX, operator of the T.J. Maxx and Marshalls chains, both of which reported sales gains — a rarity right now — that well exceeded Wall Street estimates.

A number of special factors also depressed July's sales results. Lean inventories left fewer clearance options for bargain hunters, as stores wanted to protect themselves from getting stuck with piles of leftovers. And NPD Group chief retail industry analyst Marshal Cohen feared lean back-to-school inventories, particularly at department stores, could stall sales this fall — if shoppers can't find what they want.

The shift of the sales-tax holidays from July to August in most of the 14 states that have them because of a late Labor Day weekend also stole momentum from July.