Stream bank fencing is a simple, cost-effective way for farmers to improve water quality in the streams flowing through their properties.

Installing fences and crossings helps limit livestock access to stream banks and establishes a vegetative buffer strip along the stream. Such buffers help reduce erosion, control runoff and absorb substances that could otherwise create water pollution.

Much sediment comes from unprotected stream banks ground down by livestock grazing and trampling. Vegetation binds soil together, creating stability.

Stream bank vegetation helps trap sediment and pesticides and absorbs nutrients. It also provides food, cover and nesting sites for birds and small mammals. Buffers can enhance fish habitat by providing cover that lowers water temperatures and increases the food supply.

Fencing and stream crossings may help reduce the risk of animal injury as well. Limiting livestock access to streams reduces contact with waterborne bacteria that may cause black leg, mastitis and other ailments.

High-quality or double strand electric fencing material should be used. In cow-only pastures, single wire installation is used. Two wires are installed in cow-cattle operations. Low-impedence, high voltage energizers will provide electrification for the fence.

An access point can provide water for livestock. To minimize erosion, the site should be protected with materials such as stones or railroad ties. Alternate watering devices such as spring developments, pasture pumps and watering troughs are encouraged.

If stream crossing areas are needed, they should also be constructed to minimize erosion.

Construction of crossings is regulated by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.

The Butler County Conservation District can help landowners obtain a free general permit for stream crossings.

Ron Fodor is manager of the Butler County Conservation District.