PITTSBURGH — There was a time when Andy Quinn went skiing every year with a close-knit group of families that collectively owned 15 amusement parks. They hit the slopes by day and talked business at night.

But these days, Quinn, a 53-year-old community relations director at Kennywood — one of several parks his family jointly owns with another family — has fewer companions during the weeklong outings.

"We still do it, but there's only about four parks that are represented now," he said. "Of the 15, almost all those have either gone out of business or been eaten by Six Flags."

Six Flags Inc., the nation's second-largest theme park operator after The Walt Disney Co. in terms of attendance, built an empire by snapping up facilities across the country in a buying spree that started in the 1990s.

Now the New York-based company, which owns 30 amusement and water parks nationwide, is struggling with debt, sagging attendance numbers and the growing perception that its parks are hangouts for rowdy teenagers.

Some small parks that remain in family hands, meanwhile, are surviving and even prospering, largely because their owners are closely attuned to the interests of their customers, industry insiders say.

They also tend to have shorter lines, more reasonable ticket prices and friendly, long-term relationships with local people who visit repeatedly — unlike tourists who make one-off trips to major theme parks, they say.

"The family owned parks were always the backbone of our industry," said Gary Slade, editor of the Arlington, Texas-based trade publication Amusement Today. "Do we have less numbers? Yes, but are they going away? No, they have been here and they will continue to be here."

He said family owned parks had been an integral part of the industry for years and would likely carry on as long as they continue to invest in their facilities.

Amusement parks first sprang up in the 19th century on the East Coast, with facilities built at the end of trolley lines, and evolved in the 1950s with the introduction of large, fantasy-based theme parks pioneered by Walt Disney.

"We still have a number of family parks in the U.S., but the numbers are not as strong as they were 10 years ago," said Slade, noting that some parks had been bought or sold to property developers while others closed for lack of family members to take over the business, among other reasons.

Nearly 75 percent of the 320 amusement and theme parks in the United States draw less than half a million people annually — a category that includes family owned facilities, according to the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions, a trade group.

"There are many, many, many smaller family owned parks, but there has been some consolidation," said Beth Robertson, an IAAPA spokeswoman, citing the growth of large companies such as Six Flags, Walt Disney, Universal Studios theme parks and Cedar Fair.

Among the family-owned parks scattered across the country are Knoebels Amusement Park and Resort in Elysburg, Pa., Holiday World and Splashin' Safari in Santa Claus, Ind., and Sandy Lake Park in Dallas, Texas, she said.

Small parks continue to appeal to customers because "they create that more intimate experience for visitors," said Robertson.

"Often times their lines are shorter and often our smaller parks focus on family entertainment at reasonable prices," she said, adding that they also may be near residential areas, making them particularly accessible.

Rob Norris, chairman of Seabreeze Park in Rochester, N.Y., said small park owners who operate their businesses "can make decisions quickly and are very in tune with customers."

"The family owned parks I know of are doing very well financially, sometimes better than the big parks," said Norris, whose family has owned Seabreeze for 102 years.

He said some had expanded over the past decade by adding water parks and entertainment centers with miniature golf courses and go-cart tracks.

Norris said the U.S. market is virtually saturated with large amusement parks, but that there was still room for smaller parks, particularly in second-tier cities such as Rochester.

"We offer a different product," he said. "I think our biggest competition is for free time."

While there are no figures for the family owned segment of the amusement and theme park business, the overall industry has grown substantially in recent years.

A total of 335 million people visited amusement and theme parks in the United States last year, up from 317 million in 2000 and 253 million in 1990. Total revenue jumped to $11.2 billion last year from $9.6 billion in 2000 and $5.7 billion in 1990, according to IAAPA figures.

Kennywood, which Six Flags offered to buy in 1997, is no longer a mom-and-pop business, according to Quinn, who said the park together with three others co-owned by his family earn between $80 and $120 million annually.

"There's very few parks of our size left," he said, pointing to acquisitions by Six Flags that thinned the ranks of family owned parks across the country.

Attendance at the park has been flat at more than 1 million people annually for the past four or five years, mainly because of the stagnant regional economy and unusually hot weather last summer, he said.

But local people are extraordinarily loyal to Kennywood, partly because they have visited for generations, and the park plans to expand, Quinn said.

"They feel comfortable here," he said.

Quinn also believes the park has a price advantage over bigger theme parks. It charges $28.95 for a single-day ticket at the gate, while a similar pass at Disneyland costs $59.

Kennywood — the country's 12th oldest park — is also a national landmark and a destination for roller coaster enthusiasts. The park, which first opened in 1898, has three wooden roller coasters, all built in the 1920s.

Kennywood has all the quaint trappings of an old-time amusement park, with a carousel ringed with wooden horses, a shooting gallery and a penny arcade. But the park has changed with the times by introducing new rides such as the SwingShot, a giant pendulum-like ride that catapults seated riders high into the air, said Quinn, a 35-year veteran of the business.

"We bring a sense of history to the industry, and we make sure and we remind them that the industry just didn't start when Disney started or just didn't start when Six Flags started," he said.