Orbit, sun’s light, cause shape change

We have a summer full moon building this week in the Butler night sky. It’s our second full moon this month, making it a blue moon, which only happen once in a “blue moon.”

The blue moon Friday certainly doesn’t sport a blue tinge to it, but it’s a wonderful summer delight even though it messes up stargazing with all its light.

So why does the moon change shape? Why is it a crescent on one night, a half-moon another day, and a full moon yet another day? Why is it that on some evenings we don’t see the moon at all?

It all comes down to two things: the moon’s orbit around the Earth and the sun’s light reflecting off the moon.

The moon generates no light of its own. It’s all reflected sunlight as the moon revolves around the Earth. The changing angle between the moon, the Earth and the sun is responsible for the shape or phase we see.

The best way to explain the moon’s phases is to look at the different positions in its orbit.

New moon

This is when the moon lies roughly in a line between the Earth and the sun, and the sunlit side of the moon faces completely away from Earth.

The moon is invisible to us and is close to the sun in the sky, rising at sunrise and setting at sunset. Every once in a while, the moon will lie exactly in a line between Earth and the sun and we have a solar eclipse.

Waxing crescent moon

A few days after the new moon, the angle between the moon, Earth and sun opens up a bit and Earthlings begin to see a little sliver or crescent of the sunlit part of the moon. It rises shortly after sunrise and sets shortly after sunset, and we see it for a few hours after twilight in the western sky.

This is a great time to see a phenomenon called “Earthshine.” That’s when you not only see the crescent shape of the moon, but you can also see the rest of the moon faintly bathed in second hand sunlight bouncing off our Earth and the lunar surface. It’s a lovely spectacle!

First Quarter moon

A week into the phase cycle we have a first quarter moon.

It’s called first quarter because the moon is a quarter of the way through its cycle of phases. It doesn’t mean you only see a quarter of the moon. You actually see a half moon because half of the sunlit part of the moon faces Earth.

The Earth, moon and sun are at a right angle to each other. The moon rises around midday and sets around midnight.

This is a wonderful time to start viewing our lunar neighbor with a telescope. Especially take a look along what’s known as “the terminator.” That’s the line between the darkened part of the moon and the sunlit part.

Along the terminator the shadows are long, revealing features that are otherwise harder to see. You can even see the mountain peaks poking above the shadows on the dark side of the terminator.

Waxing gibbous moon

Ten days after the new moon, the angle between the moon, sun and Earth opens up to more than a right angle, and we see more of the sunlit half of the moon. That’s when the growing moon takes on an oval-football shape that begins to kick out a lot of light.

The waxing gibbous moon rises in the middle of the afternoon and sets around 2 or 3 a.m.

The full moon

Fourteen days after the new moon is the full moon.

We’re now halfway through the moon’s 29-day cycle of phases. The moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun, and on Earth we can see the complete sunlit half of the moon.

The full moon rises at sunset and sets at sunrise, and while moon gazing is wonderful for love and romance, stargazing is toast.

Not only that, this isn’t really a good time to explore the moon either. Everything on the surface is in direct sunshine and there are no revealing shadows. Around the time of the full moon is when you see the classic “Man on the moon.”

Sometimes when its full the moon gets into the reddish shadow of the Earth and a lunar eclipse. On average, that happens once or twice a year.

Waning Gibbous moon

Around 17 days after the new moon, we see an oval moon again, the mirror image of the waxing gibbous.

The angle between the moon, sun, and Earth begins to close up. The waning gibbous moon rises after sunset and sets after sunrise. That’s when you see the moon in the western sky in the morning after the sun is already up.

Last quarter moon

At 21 days after the new moon we have a last quarter moon.

Once again, the moon, sun and Earth are at a right angle. We see the opposite side of the moon that we saw at first quarter.

The last quarter moon rises about sunset and sets around noon. Just like the waning gibbous moon, we see the last quarter moon in the western sky after sunrise.

Waning crescent moon

About 24 days after its new phase, the moon is down to a crescent again as the angle between the sun, moon and Earth begins to get smaller and smaller.

The waning crescent moon rises about two to three hours before sunrise and sets in the early afternoon. It’s so close to the sun it becomes invisible shortly after sunrise.

Before sunrise though, you have a chance once again to see “Earthshine” or “second hand sunshine” with the waning crescent moon.

Back to new moon

About 29 days later, the moon is once again new and the whole cycle of phases, called the synodic month, starts all over again.

As the moon orbits the Earth, not only does it change shapes but it migrates eastward among the stars about 13 degrees every 24 hours. Because of that, the moon rises later and later each day.

Enjoy our lunar neighbor. It sports a new face every night and day.

Mike Lynch, an amateur astronomer and broadcast meteorologist in Minneapolis, is author of “Stars, a Month by Month Tour of the Constellations” published by Adventure Publications and available at bookstores and at www.adventurepublications.net.